Genetic breakthrough explains dangerously high blood glucose levels
Discovery brings promise of âpersonalized medicineâ closer to reality
Canadian, French and British researchers have identified a DNA sequence that controls the variability of blood glucose levels in people. This is a potentially significant discovery because high blood glucose levels in otherwise healthy people often are indications of heart disease and higher mortality rates. The results will be published May 1 in the online version of the journal Science.
The research was conducted by Dr. Phillippe Froguel and colleagues at Imperial College London and le Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in Lille, France, in collaboration with Dr. Robert Sladek, Dr. Constantin Polychronakos and their teams at ±«ÓăֱȄ and the ±«ÓăֱȄ Health Centre (MUHC) in Montreal. Dr. Ghislain Rocheleau, a post-doctoral fellow in Dr. Sladekâs lab, is the studyâs co-first author. The scientists worked with data collected from a large genome study originally conducted for diabetes research that looked at over 390,000 different locations â or loci â on the human genome. The studyâs first important diabetes results were published in 2007 and received worldwide media attention.
In this study, researchers looked at the genetic code of healthy, non-diabetic individuals whose blood glucose levels were in the normal range. They discovered that a single DNA mutation within three different genes explained, in part, why some individuals have high or low blood glucose levels. The researchers believe that these genes actually affect the threshold level of glucose in the bloodstream, which triggers the secretion of insulin. The higher the threshold, the higher the blood glucose level will rise before insulin starts to regulate it.
âThese sequences explain about 5 per cent of the normal variation in blood glucose levels between otherwise healthy people,â explained Dr. Sladek, of ±«ÓăֱȄâs Faculty of Medicine, the Department of Human Genetics, the MUHC Research Institute and the ±«ÓăֱȄ and GĂ©nome QuĂ©bec Innovation Centre. âFive per cent may not sound huge, but for complex traits, thatâs rather a lot. By contrast, hundreds of different genes influence height.â
These findings provide important insights into the genetic mechanisms behind glucose metabolism, say the researchers, which they predict will lead to greater understanding of the genetic roots of metabolic disorders in general. âIn theory, any medical test which has a genetic component can use this approach,â Sladek explained. âThat brings us to the idea of âpersonalized medicine.â Eventually, we might be able to customize treatment to an individualâs unique genetic structure.â
High blood glucose levels are also closely linked with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and these findings hold out of the hope of discovering new management techniques and treatments. âItâs important to know that a high blood glucose level, even within the normal and non-diabetic range, is a risk factor for early mortality,â explains Dr. Philippe Froguel of Imperial College and CNRS. âEpidemiological studies have shown that 80 per cent of the risk of cardiovascular disease is related to a blood glucose level just above the average.â
âObviously, the next step would be to get some collaborators on the heart disease side, and see whether some of these other genes might also play a role,â added Dr. Sladek.
âWe are proud of this announcement, which once again confirms the scientific excellence and talent of QuĂ©becâs scientists,â said Paul LâArchevĂȘque, President and CEO of GĂ©nome QuĂ©bec. âThese findings, which are the direct result of studies co-financed by GĂ©nome QuĂ©bec, clearly show the strategic role of genomics in the search for solutions to improve human health. We would also like to underline the cooperation among the institutes, an initiative that made this major advance possible. Congratulations to Dr. Sladek and his team!â
The ±«ÓăֱȄ and GĂ©nome QuĂ©bec Innovation Centre, situated on the ±«ÓăֱȄ campus, serves as a vast resource of knowledge and technology to the academic, industrial and commercial sectors. âThe Innovation Centre is a world-class research facility for genomics and proteomics,â said Denis ThĂ©rien, Vice-Principal (Research and International Relations). âThis latest genetic breakthrough exemplifies the powerful potential of ±«ÓăֱȄâs scientific partnership with Genome Quebec and Genome Canada â a partnership that continues to create synergies and alliances that propel us ±«ÓăֱȄ on the world stage.â