Hidden magma pools pose eruption risks that we canāt yet detect
Scientistsā ability to estimate eruption risks is largely reliant on knowing where pools of magma are stored, deep in the Earthās crust. But what happens if the magma canāt be spotted?
, a former PhD student at ±«ÓćÖ±²„ās Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and now a postdoctoral scholar at GNS Science in New Zealand, grew up in the shadow of Mount Taranaki on the countryās North Island, hiking on the islandās many volcanoes. Now, his research is revealing hidden dangers that may have been beneath his feet all along.
A new study, published in , explores a threat scientists discovered only recently: surprisingly shallow magma pools that are too small to be detected with common volcano monitoring equipment. Such a magma body was discovered in Iceland in 2009, when scientists with the Iceland Deep Drilling Project accidentally drilled directly into the molten rock two kilometers shallower than the depths where magma had been detected before. Magma began to creep up the drill hole, reaching several meters before it was stopped with cold drilling fluids.
Hidden magma lurking for several hundred years
āThe new study discovered that this same magma pool belched out a small explosive eruption in 1724. So the magma pool has been lurking for at least several hundred years,ā says John Stix, a ±«ÓćÖ±²„ professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and study co-author.
Rooyakkers, who is the lead author on the study and completed the work while at ±«ÓćÖ±²„, compared the composition of the quenched magma, which had formed smooth volcanic glass, with rocks from an eruption from that same volcano, Krafla, in 1724. Before his study, scientists thought the shallow magma they drilled into had been created after a series of eruptions in the 1980s. No one expected the hidden magma to be related to the 1724 eruption, so what Rooyakkers found was a surprise.
āWhen we looked at the compositions from 1724, we found an almost perfect match for what was sampled during the drilling,ā Rooyakkers says. āThat suggests that, this magma body has been there since 1724 and has previously been involved in an eruption at Krafla. So that raises the question of, āWhy did geophysics not pick it up?āā
Too small to detect with seismic imaging
The answer is size. Most magma detection relies on seismic imaging, often used by oil companies to detect reserves deep under the seafloor. When thereās an earthquake, the instruments detect how long it takes for sound waves to travel through the crust. Depending on the density of the rocks, the soundwaves return at different times. If thereās water, oil, or magma stored underground, the soundwaves should reflect it. But these hidden magma chambers are too small for these instruments, as well as other detection tools, to find.
āIn traditional approaches to volcano monitoring, a lot of emphasis is placed on knowing where magma is and which magma bodies are active,ā says Rooyakkers. āKrafla is one of the most intensely-monitored and instrumented volcanoes in the world. Theyāve thrown everything but the kitchen sink at it in terms of geophysics. And yet we still didnāt know there was this rhyolitic magma body sitting at just two kilometersā depth thatās capable of producing a hazardous eruption.ā
Studies like Rooyakkersā suggest that smaller, more widely-distributed magma bodies might be more common than previously thought, challenging the conventional view that most eruptions are fed from larger and deeper magma chambers that can be reliably detected.
Estimating risk more difficult
Beyond not being able to monitor magmatic activity, planning for eruptions and estimating risks becomes more difficult if scientists suspect that hidden magma bodies could be present. For example, the Krafla volcano is usually dominated by basalt, a type of magma that tends to erupt passively (like the recent eruption at Fagradallsfjall in Iceland) rather than in an explosion. But the hidden magma body at Krafla is made of rhyolite, a magma type that often creates violent explosions when it erupts.
āSo the concern in this case would be that you have a shallow rhyolitic magma that you donāt know about, so it hasnāt been considered in hazards planning,ā Rooyakkers explains. āIf itās hit by new magma moving up, you might have a much more explosive eruption than you were anticipating.ā
As scientists become aware of the hazards associated with these shallow, distributed magma systems, they can work on improving monitoring, trying to capture these hidden magma pools. Covering a volcanic area in more detectors may be costly, but by improving the resolution of magma imaging, scientists may save a community or company far more than the cost of the study. The risks vary from volcano to volcano, but in general, as we learn more about these magma systems, scientists concerned with estimating hazards can be aware of the possibility of hidden magma.
Despite the risks heās uncovering, will Rooyakkers still live around volcanoes? āOh yeah, for sure,ā he says with a laugh. āI mean, thereās risk with anything, isnāt there?ā
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About the study āā by Shane M. Rooyakkers, John Stix, Kim Berlo, Maurizio Petrelli, and Freysteinn Sigmundsson was published in Geology. DOI: |
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